An allergist explained how an allergy to cats manifests itself and what to do if it occurs.

Allergist

Bykov

Sergey Anatolyevich

18 years of experience

Allergist (immunologist), Candidate of Medical Sciences, member of the Russian Association of Allergists and Clinical Immunologists, member of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology (EAACI).

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Judging by the number of calls to allergists from patients with complaints, we can confidently say that allergies to cats in adults are a common phenomenon.

Many people mistakenly believe that allergies are caused by animal fur. But this opinion is wrong. Wool is a carrier of the allergen, but it itself is safe. The allergen that causes allergies to cats in adults and children is cat protein, traces of which remain on all objects with which the animal has come into contact. Naturally, cat fur is a real “storehouse” of cat protein, which has become the reason for the dissemination of not entirely accurate information about allergies to cat fur, which in fact is not the root cause of this disease.

The cleanliness of cats for allergy sufferers is rather a minus in this case. Cats constantly lick their fur, leaving protein marks on it. This fur then ends up on furniture, walls, floors and clothing. A person prone to allergies to cats comes into contact with this fur even unnoticed, and the result is an allergic reaction of the body. Moreover, with increased sensitivity, a reaction can occur even when communicating with a person whose clothing or skin has traces of cat protein.

Symptoms

Let's look at how allergies to cats manifest themselves. In fact, the manifestations of an allergic reaction can be of different types.

Respiratory symptoms of a cat allergy:

• nasal congestion and allergic rhinitis;
• burning sensation and itching in the throat and nose;
• cough and sneezing;
• dyspnea;
• swelling of the nasopharynx.

Against the background of these symptoms, general weakness and even fever may occur.

The intensity of respiratory symptoms varies from person to person. For some, they appear after prolonged contact with a cat, while for others, an attack can begin literally when the animal appears.

Manifestations of a skin allergic reaction to cats:

• the appearance of irritation and itching on the skin;
• burning and itching;
• rash, blistering and redness.

Skin symptoms usually appear upon direct contact with the animal. If an allergic reaction is expressed only in this way, then it will be enough for the patient to simply minimize the risks of their manifestation - it is enough to exclude contacts with felines.

Allergic manifestations of food nature:

• nausea;
• pain syndrome in the stomach.

If an allergen gets into food, symptoms can manifest themselves in this way - a general deterioration in the condition, the urge to vomit and pain in the stomach. In this case, it is also important not to delay your visit to the doctor, so that the specialist has the opportunity to make the correct diagnosis as early as possible.

Other cat allergy symptoms:

• headache;
• lethargy and irritability;
• the appearance of swelling in the eye area, profuse lacrimation.

It should be noted that all of the listed symptoms are not unique and may indicate the development of another disease. Therefore, the key point is accurate diagnosis and determination of the cause of the symptoms that appear.

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If you still want

According to statistics, a third of all people allergic to cats decide to take a risk and bring a mustachioed friend into their family. Sometimes the choice falls on Scottish Fold kittens. To protect yourself from possible allergies, you need to thoroughly prepare before taking a pet into your home.

First of all, you need to take into account that less protein is produced in the body of cats with a light color. It is not yet known exactly why this happens - perhaps the genotype of individuals with light hair influences protein synthesis.

Males produce more allergen than females. Therefore, if you want to have a Scottish fold kitten, it is better to choose a female of white, lilac, red or cream color.

Important! Kittens produce several times less protein, so allergies may not occur immediately, but after some time.

The degree of protein production also depends on the individual characteristics of a particular cat. Many allergy sufferers notice that they can freely communicate with some kittens, hold them in their arms, play, while others make them cry and sneeze as soon as they appear in the room, and this does not depend on the breed or length of fur.

The easiest option is to come to the nursery and spend some time with the kitten you like. However, even if an allergy to Scottish kittens does not appear, no one can guarantee that it will not appear later, since in childhood cats usually do not cause problems for allergy sufferers. The breeder may assure you that everything will be fine - you don't sneeze while you are in the same room with the animal - but assumptions alone are not enough.

Those who want to approach the issue responsibly can take a test from an allergist. To do this, you need to take with you a hair from the kitten you like, from which the doctor can isolate the genotype. It creates a solution that is then dropped onto a small scratch on your forearm. After 15-20 minutes, the reaction is assessed, based on which the allergist can tell whether the selected kitten is dangerous for you.

Some people manage to train their body to calmly treat a particular cat. If the allergy to Scottish cats is mild, then you only need to play with the animal from time to time, allowing it to scratch you, but not too much. As a result, the allergen will enter the blood, but in a small concentration. If this happens regularly, then the immune system may come to terms with your decision to have a kitten, but the allergy to other animals will remain the same.

Important! If the allergy is pronounced, such experiments are unacceptable - they can cause complications, including anaphylactic shock.

Diagnostics

Self-diagnosis and starting to take anti-allergy medications is the worst solution. Only professional diagnostics in a clinic can accurately determine the cause of the symptoms. The fact is that allergies are often disguised as many other diseases that can be triggered. Allergies can also pose a serious threat to the human body, leading to swelling of the larynx and other consequences.

The main method for diagnosing cat allergies is special medical tests. The patient's blood is taken for analysis to detect immunoglobulin E, as well as skin tests.

Why is it not recommended to self-medicate? There are many cases where the cat did not cause the symptoms, although in a sense the animal played a role, which allowed false conclusions to be drawn. The most common options for establishing an erroneous diagnosis:

• an allergic reaction can be caused by accessories and animal care products (litter, cat shampoo, cat food, etc.);
• cats accustomed to walking outside can carry other allergens on their fur (pollen, mold particles, etc.);
• infection from an animal with other diseases with similar symptoms (chlamydia, scabies mites, etc.).

If symptoms appear suddenly

Allergies to Scottish Fold cats can occur at any age - both in children and adults. If you have a Scottish fold cat living in your house for many years, and you begin to notice unpleasant symptoms, you need to think about what caused them.

Allergies do not always develop specifically to cats. If your pet walks freely on the street, then she can bring dust, fluff, particles of pollen or mold on her fur. These are popular allergens to which negative reactions occur most often. To test this hypothesis, you just need to wash the cat and not let it go outside for several days.

In addition, danger may be lurking in your home. If a cat, for example, walked behind a sofa where you haven’t washed the floors for a couple of years, then it will pick up dust on its fur. You may also be allergic to it.

Also, a negative reaction of the body may develop to the chemical components of the food, especially if you buy inexpensive brands for your pet. It's easy to check - unpleasant symptoms occur every time you give your cat something to eat.

In addition, Scottish Folds may be allergic to particles in cat litter , especially wood or mineral (made from clay). It is enough to change the filler to a more expensive one, for example silica gel, and if the reaction was specifically to the tray, you will immediately feel the difference.

The most effective way to check what exactly you are allergic to is to get tested by an allergist. Several scratches are made on the skin of the forearm with a sterile needle, and a solution with a specific allergen is dripped onto each of them. Based on the test results, your doctor can tell you exactly what you are allergic to.

Treatment

If the diagnosis confirms an allergy to cats, then the patient will have to make several important decisions. Treatment for cat allergies primarily focuses on symptom management, general relief, and prevention. It is impossible to completely eliminate the disease and, as with all types of allergies, the key is to eliminate contact with the allergen. Therefore, if a person suffers from allergies, but cannot imagine his life without a pet, then he will have to adjust his lifestyle and constantly take anti-allergy medications.

Due attention will have to be paid to cleaning the apartment. It should be regular. Be sure to use a powerful vacuum cleaner that will remove hair from carpets and sofas.

There is another affordable option - allergy-free cats. There are also hypoallergenic cat breeds. It cannot be said that the secretion of cat protein in animals of such breeds is completely absent. The allergen is released, but in much smaller quantities. Therefore, depending on the degree of sensitivity in some, it may not cause an allergic reaction at all, while in others its manifestations will be insignificant.

Which cats do not cause severe allergies? These include cats with dense, curly hair, for example, representatives of the Cornish Rex breed. Due to the density of the coat, hair loss occurs less frequently and hair does not spread so much everywhere. But fluffy cats with thick undercoat are definitely not recommended for people with a tendency to allergies. They shed easily, causing the fur to spread throughout the room and accumulate on furnishings. Carpets, bedspreads, rugs, pillows and blankets, soft toys and other objects with a soft surface are especially dangerous from the point of view of the accumulation of cat hair.

A minimum of problems awaits owners of Sphynx cats. And to minimize the impact of the cat's secreted protein, they need to be bathed regularly - on average 1-2 times a week.

Why are there allergies to cats?

An allergic reaction is a response of the human immune system to an external irritant. In the case of an allergy to a pet, the irritant is not the cat itself, but the proteins it secretes. They are found in saliva, urine, gland secretions, dandruff, and skin particles. And wherever the pet is, it leaves its “biological trace.”

Foreign protein appears on carpets, upholstered furniture, on the floor, in bed. But most of all, of course, it is on the cat’s fur. As soon as you pet or hug your pet, allergens are transferred to the skin and mucous membranes.

The immune system perceives foreign protein particles as a pathogen and begins to fight it. In children and allergy sufferers, the immune system is imperfect, so the reaction may be excessive, too pronounced. Characteristic symptoms develop that can persist for a very long time. While the body is in contact with the irritant, the allergic reaction cannot disappear.

“There are no cat breeds that are safe for allergy sufferers,” clarifies Anna Kapustina. “Allergies can be caused by all warm-blooded animals, not only fluffy cats, but even “hairless” sphinxes.”

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Preventive actions

If you want to have a pet, it is recommended to experimentally test the reaction of your body and household members for the presence of allergies. For example, visit acquaintances or friends who already have a cat or cat. It is better if the communication is long and not five minutes, since an allergic reaction may not appear immediately. If after the experiments no signs of allergy were observed, then with a high degree of probability we can talk about its absence.

If you know that you are prone to an allergic reaction, but your love for cats does not allow you to completely give up your pet, then before getting a kitten, you need to carefully choose the breed. Hypoallergenic breeds will make the life of an allergy sufferer much easier.

But what if you already have a cat and are later diagnosed with an allergy? In this case, to reduce allergy symptoms and maintain a normal state, the following preventive measures must be taken:

• minimize direct contact with the animal if possible;
• take special anti-allergenic drugs;
• bathe the animal, and then comb the fur at least once a week (if possible, this should be entrusted to household members who do not suffer from allergies);
• If possible, remove as much as possible carpets, rugs, blankets and other soft coverings that can accumulate wool;
• regularly ventilate the premises;
• Do not leave personal items and items of your wardrobe in a place accessible to the animal.

Publications in the media

Allergy to pets: features of diagnosis and treatment

Allergy to pets is a pressing problem of modern allergology and clinical immunology: every year foreign scientific journals publish 3–5 original articles devoted to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this phenomenon in patients with allergic diseases. Scientists attribute the increase in the prevalence of allergies to pets to three main reasons: a significant increase in families with animals at home (30–80% in Europe and the USA); close contact of a person with agriculture/agribusiness and his professional activities. Of no less importance is the significant increase in the number of rodents everywhere.

In Russia, targeted scientific studies of allergies to pets have not been carried out, only an article by Gusareva E. S. et al. received wide publicity in foreign literature [1]. The authors were the first to report in an international scientific journal data on allergic sensitization in patients with bronchial asthma (BA) living in Siberia (Tomsk and Tyumen): it turned out that the majority of them - 57.3% - had sensitization to a major cat allergen; other important allergens were house dust mites and dog allergens (30%). A recent joint study by Finnish and Russian scientists found that in Russia (Svetogorsk), the risk of developing atopic asthma in schoolchildren aged 7–16 years was significantly associated with the presence of cats at home and contact with them in postnatal and early age, while in In Finland (Imatra), children were more likely to have contact with dogs, and this factor was preventive in the development of asthma [2]. However, according to the researchers, constant exposure to pet allergens from an early age increases the risk of asthma.

Is the expected chain correct: “allergen exposure ® sensitization ® atopy ® allergic disease”? Analysis of numerous literature data shows that this is not always the case.

Scientists draw attention to the need for a correct methodological approach in studying such aspects of allergies to pets, such as the influence of the level and duration of exposure to animal allergens (including in utero) on human health/disease outcome, and hereditary predisposition. No less important is the question of the relationship between exposure to animal allergens and the development of specific sensitization; One should also take into account the level of allergens in public places and homes where there are no cats, for example, but there may be a sufficient amount of their allergenic proteins that can cause clinical symptoms in sensitized individuals. Finally, issues of identifying and confirming allergies to pets require clarification. After all, it is known that the diagnosis of any allergic disease is highly probable with a proven connection between the medical history, the presence of symptoms, when there is exposure to allergens, and positive allergy tests (in vivo and/or in vitro). It is clear that the doctor must have highly sensitive tests, and if the diagnosis is confirmed, the ability to prescribe effective therapy to the patient.

Let us briefly present some features of the epidemiology, therapy and prevention of allergies to pets according to our own and foreign data. Let us remind you that it is necessary to distinguish between such concepts as the effect of early/late or constant/irregular exposure to allergens, the influence of allergen exposure on sensitization, sensitization as a risk of developing allergic diseases, etc. However, we do not intend in this article to conduct an in-depth review of the above issues.

Pet Allergy Clinic

As is known, allergy symptoms can appear within 5 minutes after contact with a pet; as a rule, they increase over time and reach a maximum after 3 hours. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions occur in sensitized individuals in the form of such clinical manifestations as allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, rhinoconjunctival syndrome; on the skin side - urticaria (urticaria) at the site of contact with the animal, itching, skin hyperemia. In sensitized individuals with asthma, as a rule, inhalation of animal allergens can cause cough, shortness of breath, and bronchospasm within 20–30 minutes; sometimes the hypersensitivity reaction occurs in a delayed manner - a decrease in bronchial patency begins in patients after 3-4 hours. Rarely (in 2% of cases) asthmatic symptoms are observed without combination with nasal symptoms.

The appearance of clinical allergy symptoms is not always associated with direct contact with a pet and does not linearly depend on the concentration of allergens: in particular, the clothing of cat owners is a means of transferring the main allergen (Fel d 1) to an environment where there are no cats. Even in this case, an attack of asthma may develop in sensitized people. Passive transfer of cat allergens is also possible through the hair and shoes of cat owners. Cat allergens are found on airplanes, buses, schools and kindergartens. There is an opinion that the gender, number and type of cats plays a role.

What is an allergen?

The most powerful allergens are cat allergens. To date, more than 12 cat allergens have been described. The so-called major allergen - Fel d 1 m protein - is found on the skin and epithelium of the skin, as well as in the secretions of the sebaceous glands, urine, but not in the saliva of cats. More than 80% of patients with cat allergies have IgE antibodies to this particular glycoprotein. Due to its small particle size (3-4 microns), Fel d 1 is easily airborne and, if inhaled, causes coughing/wheezing in sensitized individuals. Males have a higher Fel d 1 content than females or castrated males. About 25% of people with cat allergies are also sensitive to feline albumin, Fel d 2, which is found in their serum, dander and saliva; 12% are sensitized to urine.

People with IgE sensitization to Fel d 1 are cross-allergic to other animal species (Siberian tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard), as well as dogs and horses. A cat-pork syndrome has been described, possibly mediated by a cross-reaction between the serum albumins of these animals. There are also cases of exercise-induced anaphylaxis after eating pork or beef.

The main dog allergens - Can f 1 and Can f 2 - are isolated from dog dander and hair. Animal dander is not only hair, but also a complex complex of other allergens. So, to diagnose dog allergies, it is important to identify three allergens: dander, epithelium and serum albumin. Animal epithelium for diagnostic purposes is obtained by scraping the epithelial layer of the skin.

Prevalence of pet allergies

The most common domestic animals that cause allergies are cats and dogs; cases of severe allergic reactions have been described after contact with rarer animals.

In the general population, ~15% of Swedish residents aged 20–45 years are allergic to cats, and in the majority of them, exposure to cat allergens causes clinical symptoms of AD. In Turkey, Pakistan and Cyprus, where traditionally few families keep cats at home, there has also been an increase in the number of patients with allergies to pets.

In 2007, we found that ~30% of Moscow schoolchildren (age 7–18 years) had a positive allergy history; including 6.6% indicated symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and more than half of them reacted with the appearance/intensification of allergy symptoms after contact with pets (mainly cats) [3].

Among patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma, an extremely high prevalence of sensitization to epidermal allergens is reported: according to various foreign authors, more than 60–70% [4].

According to Guseinova E.A., out of 130 patients with respiratory allergies (BA, allergic rhinitis) living in Kolomna, 46.7% of children and 42.8% of adults showed sensitization to epidermal allergens (cat). We also identified a high incidence of allergies to pets among children with asthma in Moscow. In particular, 84% of children aged 4–18 years suffering from asthma had various clinical manifestations of allergies after contact with a cat and/or dog (

). It should be noted that in 14 families (20.6%) parents continued to keep animals at home (a cat in 12, a dog in 2), despite children diagnosed with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis being allergic to them.

In 26 children with asthma, we studied the hereditary burden of allergies to pets (mother, father, other family members) and identified such a connection in 50% of cases, mainly on the paternal side (

).

Features of diagnosing allergies to pets

To diagnose allergies to pets, skin prick tests (prick test, abroad) or prick tests (in Russia) are used. Cat hair allergen is used as a standard allergen for skin testing in Russia. According to the instructions, epidermal allergen from cat hair is a water-salt solution of protein-polysaccharide complexes isolated from animal hair and dander. Note that abroad, for this purpose, they mainly use an extract from the “cat epithelium” (dog), as well as the dander of these animals.

It is believed that with a papule diameter of 6 mm on the cat epithelium, there is a high probability that the patient can be diagnosed with an allergy to the cat [5]. There is usually no need to test intradermally.

The determination of specific IgE antibodies to animal allergens is of important diagnostic value, especially in all cases where there are contraindications for skin testing. It has been proven that these tests are practically comparable, in particular in 100–94% of cases when comparing the PharmaciaCAPsystem test system and cat epithelial skin tests [6].

Other tests (nasal/bronchoprovocation test with feline epithelium or environmental exposure chamber tests) have scientific interest and aim to study the pathogenesis of diseases, as well as evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.

IN

A comparative description of the prevalence of sensitization to cat allergens according to skin tests using an allergen from cat fur and epithelium (Allergopharma) in parallel in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis is presented.

As can be seen from the presented material, the diagnostic significance of the allergen from the cat epithelium is significantly higher than that of the cat hair allergen (in particular, positive results were obtained in 55% of patients with asthma, while sensitization to cat hair was detected in only 11% of them). This fact should be taken into account when diagnosing cat sensitization in patients. Correlation rank analysis (Spearman, Kendall, gamma correlation method) did not reveal a correlation between these two diagnostic tests (p = 0.262; p = 0.153, p = 0.153).

How is it possible to effectively treat pet allergies?

There is evidence that sensitization can develop in response to exposure to even low levels of allergens. To reduce the risk of developing an allergic disease, the patient is recommended to exclude/reduce contact with the allergen (direct, passive).

All patients with allergies to pets should be considered at risk for developing a severe allergic reaction (deaths from asthma attacks have been described after resuming contact with pets). According to foreign scientists, the best recommendation for all patients with such allergies is to completely avoid contact with animals if possible.

A study was recently conducted in Germany in which scientists directly linked the presence/absence of animals at home with the level of education of parents of sick children.

Physical methods aimed at reducing the content of animal allergens in the air are absolutely not justified: it has been established that after washing cats, the Fel d 1 level returns to its original level within 24 hours [7].

Recently, a unique drug for the treatment and prevention of allergic rhinitis, Nazaval, was registered in Russia. This is a microdispersed cellulose-based powder, which, after spraying, forms a transparent gel-like protective layer on the nasal mucosa, lining the nasal cavity. This creates a natural barrier against the penetration of aeroallergens (pollen, epidermal allergens of animals and birds, fungal, insect and cockroach allergens, chemicals, bacteria and viruses) and pollutants into the body. Studies have shown that Nazaval is an effective and safe means of preventing and treating allergic rhinitis in adults, children and pregnant women [8]. For patients with allergies to pets, the drug should be prescribed before expected contact, as well as for preventive and therapeutic purposes, 1 instillation 3 times a day for a long time. Given the fact that the arsenal of topical drugs for the treatment of allergic rhinitis includes only a practically wide range of hormones, Nazaval may represent an important alternative to these drugs in terms of safety.

In the treatment of allergies to pets, all antiallergic drugs are used, including antihistamines, as well as leukotriene receptor antagonists. Abroad, allergy vaccination with cat epithelium (less often with dog allergen) has been successfully used for more than a decade [9]. In the international consensus document on specific immunotherapy, the effectiveness of treatment with cat allergen is assessed according to the criteria of evidence-based medicine as level 1a [10]. Recently, reports have appeared assessing the effectiveness and safety of allergy vaccination with recombinant cat allergen.

Conclusion

Clinical practice shows: doctors (and patients themselves) underestimate the importance of sensitization to animal allergens, and measures to prevent exposure to animal allergens are insufficiently applied. In addition, to correctly interpret diagnostic results, it is necessary to use more informative tests and methods. Therapy for such patients also requires correction taking into account the achievements of modern allergology and clinical immunology.

How to live with a cat if allergies are confirmed?

Based on the diagnostic results, it turned out that your body reacts specifically to the cat, but you do not want to part with your pet. What to do? By following a number of recommendations, you can reduce the likelihood of exacerbation of allergies:

• Try to pet the animal less, do not kiss it. After being held, wash it with soap.
• Regularly give your cat water treatments and brush her
• Replace the open tray with a closed one
• Do wet cleaning as often as possible, at least twice a week
• Don't forget to ventilate the rooms several times a day.
• Air washers will help clean the room from flying microparticles
• If possible, remove all carpets, bedding, and soft toys. Put things in the closet immediately

These rules will help you get along with your tailed friend in the same house. But their observance requires care and patience.

Complete list of hypoallergenic cat breeds

No. 1. Hairless cats

Everything is logical here, we found out that the allergen is the Fel D1 protein, with the help of wool it spreads throughout the house. No wool - no problem.

• Don Sphynx
• Canadian Sphynx
• Petersburg Sphynx (Peterbald)
• Ukrainian Levkoy
• Elf
• Bambino

No. 2. Shorthair breeds

Hairless cats are a wonderful option, but not everyone can get used to their unique beauty. If you are embarrassed by the lack of hair, you can take a closer look at short-haired breeds that produce fewer allergens.

• Devon rex
• Cornish Rex
• German Rex
• Likoy

There are also very ordinary-looking short-haired cats, which, for various reasons, are less allergenic than other breeds.

• Bengal cat
• Burmese cat
• Oriental cat
• Russian blue cat

No. 3. Long-haired hypoallergenic cat breeds

Yes, yes, it turns out there are such people. We remember that in theory, the length of the fur does not matter, because the allergic reaction is caused by the protein contained in the cat’s body, and the hairs only transfer the allergen. Our latest selection is living proof of this.

• Balinese cat (Balinese, Balinese cat) - this breed is called the long-haired Siamese, but unlike the Siamese, representatives of this breed produce fewer allergens.
• Yanvan cat (Yanvanese)
• Siberian cat - surprisingly, despite the luxurious fur coat, Siberians are hypoallergenic breeds; 75% of allergy sufferers do not have a reaction to them.
• Neva Masquerade - since this is a subspecies of the Siberian cat, they have the same number of allergens.

This is the list. Once again, there are no 100% non-allergenic cats, but many allergy sufferers have breeds from the list above. However, everything is very individual.

Source

Surely everyone has a friend or a friend of a friend who is allergic to cats. Contrary to popular belief that the human body reacts to animal fur, this is not true. It's all because of the protein, which is found in microscopic particles of the pet's skin, saliva and urine. As the cat walks around the house, washes its fur and plays with different objects, particles of this protein remain everywhere, but mostly on the fur. This is where the myth originated that cat fur causes an allergic reaction.

Clinical researches

La-Cri products are clinically proven effective. For example, clinical studies have proven the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of the products. The products are suitable for daily care of children's skin with mild to moderate forms of atopic dermatitis and during remission, accompanied by a decrease in the quality of life of patients.

La-Cri cosmetics, according to research results, are recommended by the Russian Union of Pediatricians.

Sources:

1. Schneiderman Paul, Grossman Mark, Differential diagnosis in dermatology. Atlas, Binom, 2022.
2. Molochkova Yulia Vladimirovna, Dermatology. Brief reference book, GEOTAR-Media, 2022.
3. Sukolin Gennady Ivanovich, Clinical dermatology. A short guide to the diagnosis and treatment of dermatoses, Notabene, 2017.